High Seas Treaty under UNCLOS - A Milestone for Marine Conservation

The High Seas Treaty, which has been established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is a breakthrough in the international attempt to protect marine biota beyond national waters. This treaty, which has taken years to complete, is aimed at the management of urgent global problems in the area of environmental concern thereby serving the interests of the global environmental asset management given that ocean and sea space occupy nearly half of the face of the globe and they act as regulators of global ecological balances.

It stresses that conservation of biological diversity of the marine environment should be made in places that are vulnerable to overfishing, destructive fishing practices and other bad effects of climate change. It aims to ensure the sustainable use of marine resources and the equitable sharing of benefits derived from them, reflecting the principles of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14: "Life Below Water."

Most Significant Provisions and Their Consequences

The treaty introduces several groundbreaking measures:

1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): These zones will limit processes such as deep sea mining as well as over fishing in order to help prevent destruction of the ecosystems and endangered species.

2. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): The assessment also revealed that several ongoing projects within the high seas must go through Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) before construction to determine the project’s ability to impact the marine environment.

3. Global Sharing of Marine Resources: It ensures equal sharing of the MGRs for research and development to the countries involved with a special emphasis of the developing countries category LMICs.

However, the treaty has been criticized for not making sufficient legally enforceable pledges regarding the reduction of plastic pollution and the regulation of the manufacture of deleterious substance. Critics have stated that unless measures are more ambitious the goals of this treaty might not be sufficient to address current problems threatening marine life.

Global Cooperation and Enforcement Challenges

The High Seas Treaty is more intertwined with international cooperation because of the essential role that international cooperation plays in oceans’ preservation. Some commentators observe that more effective and stricter legal measures are required and that the financing of such measures is even more problematic for developing nations. There is a demand for pledges concerning the minimization of the use of plastic in the environment as figures show that it is likely to outnumber fish in the oceans by 2050.

It also has problems with some industrialized countries in terms of limitations put in place on deep-sea mining and polymer manufacturing. But its adoption is a significant progress towards attaining more cooperative environment in terms of marine conservation and utilization of the marine resources.

For SSC and UPSC Aspirants it is of great relevance.

For this, the prep of aspirants for UPSC, SSC and other competitions àHigh Seas Treaty is the important topic in International Relations/Environmental Studies and Global governance. Questions could focus on:

• An introduction to the concept of UNCLOS as it applies to international waters.

• Here, it is made clear the role that both MPAs and EIAs can play in the conservation of the marine environment.

• Difficulties of putting into practice, the international environmental treaties.

Analyzing the treaty, its objectives in line with SDG 14 and knowing provisions are highly relevant for essays, prelims, and mains in GS Paper 2 (Governance & International Relations) and GS Paper 3 (Environment & Conservation).

Conclusion: Very Somewhat Progress with Certain Degree Still to Be Desired

UNCLOS the High Seas Treaty is an innovative treaty that clearly points out that the world is serious in the conservation of the high seas biodiversity. Despite it being a historic step to address those gaps around enforcement and financing and regulation of pollutants like plastics and others, the improvement is still needed. Improved collaboration and compliance, globally are critical in attaining the very purpose of the treaty, which is to support the health of oceans for generations to come.